Study Finds Crop Residue Removal for Biofuels Adversely Impact Soil and Environment; Dedicated Energy Crops Can Provide Benefits

A new study has found that crop residue removal—i.e., for use as cellulosic feedstocks for fuel production—from corn, wheat, and grain sorghum can adversely impact soil and environmental quality. However, growing dedicated energy crops as an alternative to crop residue removal can provide a range of benefits.

In a paper published in March-April 2010 issue of Agronomy Journal, published by the American Society of Agronomy, Dr. Humberto Blanco-Canqui of Kansas State University found that removal of more than 50% of crop residue can have negative consequences for soil structure, reduce soil organic carbon sequestration, increase water erosion, and reduce nutrient cycling and crop production, particularly in erodible and sloping soils.

“Crop residue removal can make no-till soils a source rather than a sink of atmospheric carbon,” says Blanco, even at rates lower than 50%. Residue removal at rates of less than 25% can cause loss of sediment in runoff relative to soils without residue removal. To avoid the negative impacts on soil, perhaps only a small fraction of residue might be available for removal. This small amount of crop residues is not economically feasible nor logistically possible. Blanco recommends developing other alternative biomass feedstock sources for cellulosic ethanol production.

Alternatively, growing warm season grasses and short-rotation woody crops as dedicated energy crops can provide a wide of range of ecosystems services over crop residue removal. Available data indicate that herbaceous and woody plants can improve soil characteristics, reduce soil water and wind erosion, filter pollutants in runoff, sequester soil organic carbon, reduce net emissions of greenhouse gases, and improve wildlife habitat and diversity.

Whereas crop residue removal reduces carbon concentration, dedicated energy crops can increase soil organic carbon concentration while providing biofuel feedstock. Because of their deep root systems, warm season grasses also promote long-term carbon sequestration in deeper soil profile unlike row crops.

Growing dedicated energy crops in marginal and abandoned lands instead of prime agricultural fields will further benefit the soil and environment. Warm season grasses can grow in nutrient-depleted, compacted, poorly drained, acid, and eroded soils. Herbaceous and woody energy crops cannot replace natural forest and native prairie lands, but well-managed dedicated energy crops may provide a myriad of benefits to soil and environment while supplying much needed feedstocks for cellulosic ethanol production.

Resources

• Humberto Blanco-Canqui (2010) Energy Crops and Their Implications on Soil and Environment. Agron J 102:403-419 doi: 10.2134/agronj2009.0333